Prepared by Preston Leftwich, David F. Zierden, and Melissa Griffin
Florida Climate Center
The Florida State University
Tallahassee, FL

Temperatures above normal for October. Monthly average temperatures in October were above normal throughout the state. Jacksonville, Miami and Tallahassee were more than three degrees above normal. The monthly average temperature of 82.4 degrees F at Miami (Table 1) was the warmest on record, breaking a previous record of 82.05 degrees F set in 2002. Record high temperatures were set in all parts of the state. Clewiston recorded 97 degrees F on the 6th. Later, Orlando (8th), Tampa ( 9th and 10th) and Lakeland (29th) later reached 95 degrees F. Also, stations in Central and South Florida recorded 10 or more days with maximum temperatures of 90 degrees F or above. In contrast, numerous low temperature records were set or tied across the state after a strong cold front moved down the peninsula during the middle of the month. The coldest was 36 degrees F at Tallahassee on the 19th, which tied the minimum record for that date. Another cold front moved through the north and central parts of the state on the 28th. The minimum temperature of 38 degrees F at Lakeland on the 29th was the coldest temperature ever recorded during October in Polk County.

Table 1: October average temperatures and departures from normal (degrees F) for selected cities.

October rainfall totals generally near or below normal. A ridge of high pressure kept most of Florida in dry and warm conditions for most of the month. While heavier amounts were observed near the mid-month cold front, particularly in North Florida, most rainfall fell as scattered showers or thundershowers. Rainfall totals for October were mostly near normal in North and Central Florida, but well below normal in South Florida. Fort Lauderdale recorded its all-time driest October (0.73 in), breaking the previous record of 0.94 inches recorded in 1977. While many stations had below normal rainfall, Pensacola recorded a monthly total of 11.28 inches, more than seven inches above normal (Table 2).

Table 2: October precipitation totals and departures from normal (inches) for selected cities.

A graphical depiction of the monthly rainfall departure from normal for October is given in the figure below. (courtesy of NOAA NWS). Departures range from over eight inches above normal in the Northwest to more than five inches below normal at some locations near the Southeast coast and Keys.

El Niño continues to build in the Pacific Ocean. Sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean continued to warm and remain above the 0.5 C threshold designating El Niño conditions. As has been the case this year, Atlantic tropical cyclone activity is known to be suppressed during El Niño conditions.

Hazardous weather. No tropical systems directly affected Florida during October. Two named storms, neither of which became hurricanes, remained far out in the Atlantic Ocean. As a strong cold front entered the state on October 15, golf ball hail and winds of 58 miles per hour were observed southwest of Tallahassee. Several homes were damaged by thunderstorm winds in Woodville. On October 16, thunderstorm winds blew down a small barn in St. Johns County.

Agricultural and other impacts. After some delays to the peanut and cotton harvests due to locally heavy rain in the North, drier weather late in the month allowed the harvests to resume. Some vegetables were damaged by frost and/or cold temperatures. In contrast, some crops in the South suffered heat stress from the abnormally high temperatures. Pastures in some Central and South areas are in poor condition due to the continued below normal rainfall.

Prepared by David F. Zierden and Melissa Griffin
Florida Climate Center
The Florida State University
Tallahassee, FL

Temperatures near normal for September. Monthly average temperatures in September were near normal or slightly warmer than normal for the most part, averaging less than a degree above normal over Central and North Florida to around one and half degrees above normal over South Florida and the Pensacola area. Daily temperatures were very consistently in the normal range for most of the month, running slightly cool to normal in the first half of September and running 2 to 4 degrees warmer than normal during most of the second half. The very end of September brought the first cold front of the year to North and Central Florida. Overnight temperatures fell to the mid 60s over the Panhandle on the night of September 29. By the night of the 30th, the front extended down into south-central Florida. Overnight lows on this night ranged from the upper-forties to mid fifties in the Panhandle, and reached the mid sixties over much of Central Florida. The front did not penetrate south of a Fort Myers to Vero Beach line.

Table 1: September average temperatures and departures from normal for selected cities (degrees F.).

September rainfall totals generally below normal. Rainfall this month was fairly ordinary, characterized by the scattered afternoon thundershowers that are a normal component of Florida's summer climate. Rainfall departures for the month ranged from around one and half inches over Central and North Florida to 2.5 inches at Tallahassee. Most rainfall came from the normal scattered to isolated thunderstorms with no widespread heavy rain events impacting the state this month (unlike our neighbors to the north in Alabama and North Georgia).

Table 2: September precipitation totals and departures from normal for selected cities (inches).

The east coast of Florida did receive less rainfall than the west side of the peninsula and the Panhandle, as seen in the radar-derived rainfall estimates shown below (courtesy of NOAA NWS).

El Niño in place in the Pacific Ocean. Ocean temperatures remain warmer than normal over the central Pacific Ocean and are well above the 0.5 C threshold that commonly designates El Niño conditions. El Niño refers to a periodic (every 2-7 years) of the tropical Pacific Ocean along the equator from the coast of South America to the central Pacific. Modeling centers around the world that predict El Niño/La Niña agree that waters will continue to warm and result in a moderate El Niño during the fall and winter months. Although El Niño impacts on Florida's climate are weak during the summer and early fall, we may have begun to see some influence. The activity of the hurricane season in the Atlantic Basin is known to be suppressed by El Niño, and this year has been no exception.

Hurricane season quiet thus far. One weather feature noticeably absent in September was tropical storm or hurricane activity. Florida did not receive direct influence from any tropical system in the month of September, which is usually the peak month for hurricane activity in the Atlantic Basin. It is likely that the relative inactivity is caused by El Niño, which is know to create and environment of unfavorable vertical shear over the hurricane formation regions of the Atlantic. On average, tropical activity is responsible for roughly 30% of late summer rainfall in Florida and its absence explains the rainfall deficits for the month.

Agricultural and other impacts. As the summer progresses, some farmers are facing the problem of too much moisture rather than not enough. While September rainfall totals were generally normal to below normal, the accumulation of precipitation from previous months combined with frequent lighter showers have kept fields and soils on the moist side. In north Florida, peanut harvest is being delayed by wet fields and cotton quality is beginning to suffer due to the wetness. Around the Hastings area planting of potatoes and vegetables is delayed due to wet soils. Hay quality is suffering due to being over mature.

Excessive rains in Central and Northern Georgia caused elevated river levels approaching flood stage on the Apalachicola River in late September.